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Khosro Roozbeh (خسرو روزبه; Unipers: Xosrow Ruzbeh) was born in Malāyer, Iran and was executed on May 11, 1958. He was the chief of military branch of Tudeh Party of Iran (Communist Party of Iran) and has been called "probably the most controversial as well as the best-known martyr of the communist movement in Iran".〔Abrahamian, Ervand, ''Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran'' by Ervand Abrahamian, University of California Press, 1999, p. 81〕 Rouzbeh was the author of a number of pamphlets on chess, artillery warfare, and together with co-author Ardeshir Ovanessian, the country's first political lexicon, ''Vocabulary of Political and Social Terms''. ==Overview== Roozbeh, the son of a doctor Motaghi, was born in Karaj, and grew up in Hamadan and Kermanshah, Iran. He entered the army and excelled at the military academy, won a teaching post at the Officers' College, impressing both students and his superior.〔Abrahamian, Ervand. ''Iran Between Two Revolutions'', Princeton University Press, (1982), p.337〕 Involved in left-wing groups, he was arrested after a mutiny in Khurasan and put on trial in 1946. There he declared himself a "full-fledged revolutionary" who did not belong to the "merely ... reformist" Tudeh party. He was convicted of spreading sedition, cashiered from the army and sentenced to 15 years hard labor. He escaped four years later and set up the Military Organization of the Tudeh party (made up of members of the Iranian military).〔Office of the Military Governor of Teheran: Black Book on Tudeh Officers Organization. 1956. ISBN 978-3-8442-7813-2. ()〕 By 1954 the organization had over 500 members.〔Abrahamian, ''Iran Between Two Revolutions'', (1982), pp. 337-8〕 According to the British Embassy in Iran, Rouzbeh was a Red Pimpernel, who in a series of disguises walked into and out of innumerable baited police traps with the swashbuckling courage that made him a figure of legendary proportions, both to the Party, the security authorities, and the general public." 〔Abrahamian, ''Tortured Confessions'' (1999) p.95〕 In his political beliefs Rouzbeh opposed liberalism and deemed some of the Tudeh leaders "mere reformers," "bourgeois liberals," and "parliamentary lobbyists." In his memoirs, Ovanessian praises Rouzbeh as a sincere but impatient radical in need of a firm hand 〔Abrahamian, ''Tortured Confessions,'' (1999), p.81〕 Writing in another book, Ervand Abrahamian describes him as being "contemptuous" of the Tudeh party "for being too `moderate`," and resigning from it at the time of the trial and "not rejoined until the early 1950s." 〔Abrahamian, ''Tortured Confessions'' (1999) p.94-95〕 During this hiatus from the party he carried out five assassinations according to his confessions. Four of the victims were party members suspected of selling information to the police after the 1953 coup,〔Zibayi, Ali. ''Komunism dar Iran'' (Communism in Iran), Tehran, n.d. quoted in Abrahamian, Ervand, ''Tortured Confessions'', (1999) p.94-95〕 one of these being Hesham Lankrani, a member of a prominent clerical family from Azerbaijan. The fifth killing was of Mohammad Massoud, a maverick newspaper editor and opponent of the regime. Rouzbeh thought that "the assassination of such a popular anticourt journalist ... would polarize Iran and thus radicalize the Tudeh," and emphasized that he carried out the Massoud assassination without the party's knowledge. In the words of Ervand Abrahamian, "Rouzbeh was a radical in the tradition of Bakhunin — not of Marx and Engels."〔Abrahamian, ''Tortured Confessions'' (1999), p.94-95〕 Rouzbeh was wounded and captured after a shootout in July 1957. He was interrogated, tried in camera, and executed secretly in Qezel Qal'eh prison in May 1958. One of Rouzbeh more controversial activities was confessed to interrogators before he died. The night before his execution, Rouzbeh composed a seventy-page testament to condemn capitalism to praise socialism, and to explain why he was willing to die for the "great revolutionary cause" of the Tudeh party. The party posthumously elevated him to the central committee and made him into an icon equal to Taqi Arani. It published laudatory articles every year commemorating his martyrdom. It erected a statue in his honor in Italy. The Persian poet Ahmad Shamlou composed a couplet in praise of him. And "many leftists — including non-Tudeh members — named their newborn sons after him. In brief, he became the symbol of uncompromising opposition, heroic resistance, and ultimate self-sacrifice."〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Khosro Roozbeh」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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